Features of Assessing Efficiency in the Context of Implementing Environmental Protection Measures by Types of Economic Activity

Анотація

The purpose of the study is to provide a theoretical and methodological justification for approaches to assessing the environmental and economic efficiency of various types of economic activity based on comparing costs for environmental protection measures (waste management and soil and water protection) with the actual volume of environmental services provided. The study is based on the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method as a nonparametric assessment tool. A graphical method was used to construct lines of technical efficiency and inefficiency, and the boundary lines. The analytical tools were supplemented by the calculation of coverage coefficients, as well as the author's development of two complementary indices: the index of the need to increase the volume of services (INIVS) and the imbalance coefficient (IF), based on which a matrix of the spatial distribution of industries was constructed. The study was conducted based on statistical data from Ukraine for 2023. A deep asymmetry of environmental and economic efficiency was revealed in the context of types of economic activity. It is proven that the agricultural sector (agriculture, forestry, and fisheries) and the extractive industry are in a state of critical inefficiency: the volume of their environmental protection costs exceeds the volume of implemented environmental services by a factor of 1,000. Instead, the processing industry, electricity supply, and water supply serve as benchmarks for efficiency. It has been established that the low efficiency of the agricultural sector is due not so much to a lack of funding as to a critically low level of actual implementation of environmental services in response to the costs incurred. The paper first proposes a complex matrix model for classifying types of economic activity by the level of environmental and economic efficiency and the nature of structural imbalance (INIVS × IF). The method for analyzing the operating environment is specifically adapted for assessing environmental costs (where the production factors are the costs of waste management and soil/water protection, and the result is the volume of environmental services). The proposed approach forms a universal toolkit for strategic management of environmental activities at the macro and meso levels. The distribution matrix allows state bodies and top management to identify "bottlenecks", justify targeted mechanisms for transferring positive experience from reference industries to problem ones, and also optimize the distribution of investments in the green economy (in particular, in the field of rational land use).

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