The Impact of the Legal Nature of Human Biological Material on Compensation Mechanisms in Case of Its Loss by a Biobank

Анотація

The relevance of this study arises from the expanding use of biobanking and cryopreservation technologies for storing human biomaterials, including cells, tissues, and embryos. These practices generate complex civil law relationships between individuals, medical institutions, and biobanks and raise significant questions concerning the legal regime of human biomaterials and the legal consequences of their loss. The issue is particularly important because such materials may possess not only medical and reproductive value but also considerable personal significance for the individuals involved. The purpose of this article is to analyse how the legal nature of human biomaterials affects the determination of compensation when such materials are lost by a biobank and to identify the specific features of civil liability in these legal relationships. The methodological framework combines formal legal analysis, comparative legal method, and systemic structural analysis. These approaches are supplemented by an examination of judicial practice and doctrinal discussions concerning the legal status of human biomaterials and the mechanisms used to compensate damage. The article identifies the specific characteristics of legal relations arising from the storage of human biomaterials in biobanks and examines common violations occurring in cryopreservation practices. It also analyses doctrinal and judicial approaches to determining the legal status of embryos and other biological materials. The research demonstrates that the legal nature of human biomaterials directly influences the classification of harm and the choice of compensation mechanisms. The study concludes that traditional models of pecuniary damages may be insufficient where unique biological samples are lost. In such cases, broader compensatory mechanisms should be considered, including the possible adaptation of the loss of chance doctrine. This article presents the results of a comprehensive study on the preservation of human biomaterials, preliminary findings of which have been published in the author’s other works.

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