Pseudo-Entrepreneurial Model of Exploitation of Pharmaceutical Workers in Ukraine
Анотація
The study reveals a unique model of labor relations in Ukraine's pharmaceutical sector – "pseudo-entrepreneurial exploitation", which combines formal characteristics of employment with the shifting of entrepreneurial risks onto workers. Based on a case study of a major pharmacy chain, the research demonstrates a system of hybrid compensation (official: 8,000 UAH + unofficial: 8,000–20,000 UAH), complete transfer of operational losses to pharmacists, and a distortion of professional ethics driven by commercial KPIs. A comparative analysis with seven countries highlights the uniqueness of the Ukrainian practice. A methodological breakthrough is the use of job site data to detect elements of the shadow economy. The paradox: progressive labor legislation paired with catastrophic enforcement. Budget losses amount to 1.9 billion UAH per year in the pharmaceutical sector alone.
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