Shadow economy in Ukraine and its determinants

Анотація

The article examines various definitions of the shadow economy, its essence, the causes of its occurrence and destructive results for the country's economic development. Various interpretations of this concept by domestic and foreign scientists have been studied. Various methods of determining the level of shadowing of the economy have been studied. A comparative analysis of indicators of economic toning of Ukraine from 2010 to 2021 with individual European countries was conducted. Indicators of shadowing of the economy are highlighted. The 10 main determinants of the shadow economy and the method of their influence on the level of toning of the economy have been determined. Attention is drawn that the high level of taxation is one of the key determinants for the existence of the shadow sector of the economy. Attention is focused on the phenomena of bureaucracy and corruption in state structures, the state of the labor market, which is dominated by illegal employment and calculation in envelopes, electronic commerce, which creates wider opportunities for tax evasion, powerful pressure from oligarchs who lobby in their own interests with for the purpose of personal entrepreneurship, smuggling of goods by self-employed persons, illegal import of goods under the guise of humanitarian aid from military operations and evasion of customs clearance of goods imported into the territory of Ukraine. It is noted that this state has a negative impact on the economic development of the country, generating destructive results. The authors formulated proposals for reducing the impact of the named determinants on reducing the level of shadowing of the country's economy in the future. These measures may include optimization of the taxation system, reduction of bureaucratic barriers, fight against corruption and other policies aimed at supporting legal economic processes and stimulating activities in the legislative field. Also, the direction of the perspective of future research related to the evaluation of the results of the implementation of the recommendations.

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