External Labor Emigration from Ukraine: Causes, Scale, Consequences

Анотація

Introduction.International labor migration is a process that affects most countries in the world; it is constantly in the spotlight of scientists, international organizations, governments and is regulated at the national, regional, and international levels.In the process of development and transformation of the country, migration affects public life and plays an important role in the development of socio-economic relations, which affects political development.Migration processes are reflected in migration policy, which has its own characteristics in each country.Purpose.The purpose of the paper is to determine the causes and assess the scale of external labor migration from Ukraine and to find ways to reduce it based on the experience of leading countries.To achieve this goal, the following tasks of the investigation were set: (i) to explore the essence of external labor migration as part of global migration processes; (ii) to identify the reasons of external labor migration from Ukraine; (iii) to analyze the socio-economic impact of external labor migration on the economy of Ukraine; (iv) to assess the scale of labor migration from Ukraine to the world economy; (v) to develop a short-term forecast for the development of external labor migration from Ukraine; (vi) to suggest ways to reduce the volume of external labor emigration from Ukraine based on the experience of leading countries of the world.Results.The information base of the paper was formed using works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on different aspects of external labor emigration, statistics of official websites of domestic and foreign departments of statistics, laws, and regulations, information, and analytical collections.The article summarizes the reasons for external labor migration from donor and recipient countries.The main reasons for labor migration from donor countries are high population density, mass unemployment, low living standards, etc.; from the recipient countries the need for additional labor force of both high and lowskilled workers and the ability to offer more favorable working conditions.The dynamics of the number of Ukrainian labor migrants in 2006-2019 is studied.It could be seen the positive trend.The geographical structure of countries of employment of Ukrainians (Germany, Poland and Italy are dominant) and sectors of employment (jobs according to the diploma, housework and construction jobs are dominant) is presented based on the study of reports of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Mission in Ukraine.A short-term forecast of the number of labor migrants from Ukraine for the period of 2021-2025 has been developed.It is established that during the investigated period there will be a rapid increase in the volume of external labor migration from Ukraine.Conclusions.Nowadays Ukraine needs a reduction in external labor migration because of labor shortages within the country.To decline the amount of migrants Ukrainian government can use the positive experience of other countries of the world (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, as well as UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, etc.).

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