Innovation policy of countries: analysis and key development trends

Анотація

The article comprehensively studies the essence of innovation policy and its impact on the competitiveness of countries. The types of innovation policy of countries are grouped by many criteria, in particular, by the strategy of innovation development, object of orientation, degree of regulation and direction. The study notes that in order to form an effective innovation policy, it is necessary to combine different types, based on the level of development of the country, resource potential and goals of the country. The instruments for implementing the innovation policy have been allocated and generalised, and a tendency to increase the use of indirect financial instruments has been identified. It is proposed to use a number of indices and databases to evaluate the results of innovation policy, namely the Global Innovation Index, the Global Competitiveness Index, the European Innovation Scoreboard, and the Frontier Technology Readiness Index. The article analyses the innovation policies of such countries as the USA, China and Germany, identifies their key characteristics and impact on competitiveness. Innovations shape the competitive advantages of countries, ensuring their leadership on the world stage. The semiconductor industry is studied as a key one in the field of innovative competition between the USA and China. The indicators of development of the innovation ecosystem of the selected countries according to the Global Competitiveness Index are analysed. The problems of forming and implementing innovation policy in Ukraine are highlighted: insufficient state funding, formal legislation, bureaucratic procedures, unfavourable investment climate, brain drain and lack of knowledge in the field of innovation management. The article highlights Ukraineʼs place in global indices and provides recommendations for improving innovation development and innovation policy. The role of innovation in the socio-economic development of countries is emphasised. The main social problems that should be taken into account when formulating innovation policy are raised, in particular, the problem of inclusion, gender inequality in the innovation sphere, and solving global problems. It is emphasised that innovative solutions should be designed to help achieve the goals of sustainable development, in particular decarbonisation and zero emissions.

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