SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHOD IN ECONOMICS: MAIN PROVISIONS AND EVOLUTION OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES

Анотація

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the scientific method in economics provides a structured and reliable basis for the study of economic phenomena, to ensure that the research is objective, verified and based on empirical evidence. The article substantiates the content of the scientific method paradigm as a systematic approach to obtaining information that is objective, unbiased and repetitive, focused on the study of the truth of states and relationships by controlling variables and accumulating results for the development of information from postulate to theory and fact. The main stages of the evolution of the scientific method are systematized: antiquity: observation and logic; the Middle Ages; Renaissance: transition to experiments; modern times: empiricism and induction; classical, neoclassical science, Postneoclassical stage. The content of the concept of "scientific research method in economics" is revealed, which is interpreted as a systematic process of observing economic phenomena, forming hypotheses, building models and testing them using empirical data to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Two logical approaches are shown: deduction (theoretical modeling) – from top to bottom, which draws specific conclusions from general principles or theories, often called theoretical reasoning; induction (empirical data analysis) – from bottom to top, which deduces general principles or theories based on specific observations or data, known as data-based thinking to test economic theories. It is proved that theoretical research focuses on the development of abstract models that reflect economic processes, and empirical research involves the collection and analysis of data to verify the validity of these theories and models. The main research framework of the methods is defined: hypothetical-deductive (HD) – a scientific method in which the researcher formulates a hypothesis (general theory or premise) and uses it to derive specific, proven predictions; hypothetical-inductive (HI) as a data-based approach that formulates hypotheses by inducing data/observations and making predictions, and then carried out by empirical testing; observational-inductive (OI) approach, not based on hypotheses, which creates a model that explains the data set, but the predictive power of the model it is emphasized by verification.

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