PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS COOPERATION

Анотація

While imposition of sanctions can still be done collectively as part of the United Nations, nowadays more and more countries impose autonomous sanctions to protect their national interests and influence the behavior of foreign actors. The effectiveness of these measures highly depends on the level of cooperation the principal sender manages to obtain from partner countries. We study how such international sanctions cooperation can be organized. The purpose of this article is to propose and describe a model of a regional sanctions organization. We start by considering reasons why countries impose sanctions and factors that promote sanctions cooperation. Then we proceed to detail the forms of international sanctions cooperation, including alignment, sanctions enabling act, special legislative acts on joining a sanctioning effort, targeted sanctions cooperation, sanctions regime cooperation and other forms of cooperation. Based on our calculations, the share of common sanctioned entities in national sanctions lists is twice as high for countries inside one region as opposed to all countries 19 % against 9 %. We thus make a claim that promoting regional cooperation is the most promising direction of developing international sanctions cooperation and so propose creation of a regional sanctions organization. We discuss possible functions of such organization, namely sanctions lists consolidation, data standardization, information sharing, joint sanctions imposition and promotion of other forms of sanctions cooperation. For each function we consider its possible realization by some of the existing international organizations, for example the United Nations, Financial Action Task Force or Asset Recovery Inter-Agency Network. We also overview the voting process for sanctions imposition in the United Nations and European Union, and name some of the obstacles to the creation of the proposed organization, including split responsibility between government agencies in sanctions imposition, differences in national sanctions laws and inconsistencies in criminalizing sanctions evasion between jurisdictions. We believe the proposed model would help promote targeted sanctions coordination. The results we obtained further theoretical understanding of sanctions cooperation and would be useful for senior government officials involved in the field of sanctions policy.

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